Located in the heart of the Basque Country, the Tree of Guernica is much more than just an oak. It represents centuries of history, cultural identity, and pride for the local community. This tree has witnessed crucial events, from solemn oaths to tragedies and rebirths.
For these reasons and more, the Tree of Guernica has become an essential tourist stop. To help you understand its significance, this article explores its history and cultural value.
History of the Tree of Guernica
The tradition of the Tree of Guernica dates back to the Middle Ages. At that time, the Lords of Biscay and local authorities would gather to debate and make important decisions. But these meetings were unconventional, as they took place under oak trees across different parts of Biscay.
Over time, the people of Biscay began to hold these assemblies in the same place and under the shade of the same oak: the Tree of Guernica. Thus, the Tree of Guernica represented a kind of open-air Basque “parliament,” where oaths and agreements were sealed in the presence of nature.
The tree’s significance grew over time, especially after the creation of the fueros of Biscay—codes of laws and privileges granted by monarchs. These fueros became a symbol of the region’s freedom, renewed under the Tree of Guernica. In fact, the kings of Castile and Spain would traditionally swear to uphold the Basque fueros under this same tree. These acts further solidified the tree’s role as a symbol of the people’s rights and liberties.
The Tree of Guernica – Destruction and Resurgence
Throughout the centuries, descendants of the original oak have preserved this legacy at the same location. Today, there is a tree from 1892 symbolizing the past, the current one representing the present, and a young sapling ensuring the future of the institution and its traditions.
This tree has witnessed darker events, such as in April 1937, when the town of Guernica was bombed during the Spanish Civil War, in an attack aimed at demoralizing the Republicans and the Basque people.
The town was devastated, and the bombing became one of the most emblematic episodes of that war. Yet, miraculously, the Tree of Guernica survived despite the widespread destruction. This only strengthened its symbolism, turning it into an emblem of Basque resilience and identity.
The importance of the tree goes beyond its longevity or environmental value as a majestic oak. Its significance lies in what it represents for the Basque people and humanity. Generations have sought to preserve this symbol. The most recent replanting took place in 2015, continuing the symbolic chain that links generations.
The Tree of Guernica – Location
The Tree of Guernica is located at the Casa de Juntas, a historic building where important political meetings are held. Upon entering the grounds, you can feel the atmosphere of solemnity and pride surrounding the Tree of Guernica. Visiting this place, you can admire the current oak, which stands as a symbol of Basque culture.
Additionally, the Casa de Juntas offers an immersive experience, as it includes a museum. Throughout the visit, you can view historical records of oaths, images of different trees planted over the centuries, and a meeting room where assemblies are still held.
Today, the Tree of Guernica and the Casa de Juntas are top tourist destinations in the Basque Country. Visitors from around the world come here to discover its meaning and feel the history it represents.
In addition to the tree and the Casa de Juntas, the town of Guernica offers other points of interest, such as the Peace Museum. This museum tells the story of the bombing and highlights the values of peace and reconciliation. Visitors can also explore the town’s historic center and visit the local market, where they can purchase typical products and enjoy Basque cuisine, renowned for its quality and authenticity.
For nature lovers, a visit to Guernica can extend to the surrounding Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. This reserve is an ideal place for activities like hiking, birdwatching, and nature photography, adding a touch of adventure to the cultural and historical experience of Guernica.
Guernica is much more than a point on the map: it is a journey into the past and a reminder of the power of resilience, identity, and peace.